The Morandi Bridge:

An inspiration to a generation of engineers and a very costly learning opportunity

The centrifugal force (Horizontal Moving Load) has two components, the radial force and the overturning force. The radial component of the centrifugal force is assumed to be transmitted from the deck through the end cross frames or diaphragms and to the bearings and to the substructure. The overturning component of centrifugal force occurs because the radial force is applied at a distance above the top of the deck. The overturning component causes the exterior wheel line to apply more than half the weight of the truck and the interior wheel line to apply less than half the weight of the truck by the same amount. Thus, the outside of the bridge is more heavily loaded with live load. The overturning force is computed by taking the sum of the moments about the inside wheel and setting the sum equal to zero. The result is that the outermost girder will receive slightly higher load and the innermost girder will receive slightly lower load. Thus, it is also necessary to compute the condition with no centrifugal force, i.e., a stationary vehicle, and select the worst case.

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This case study covers the following aspects:

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Top 5 Most Incredible Bridges in the World

Table of Contents

1.The Danyang-Kunshan bridge, China | CRBC

2. The Millau Viaduct, France | Eiffage

3. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan | Satoshi Kashima

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1.The Danyang-Kunshan bridge, China | CRBC

The Danyang-Kunshan bridge in China is considered the world’s longest bridge with a length of 164.8 kilometers. The bridge connects two very large cities in China, Shanghai and Nanging. The Danyang-Kushan bridge also connects Danyang and Kunshan in the section of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway that connects the Beijing West Station and Shanghai Hongqiao Station. During its construction, it took almost 10,000 construction workers to complete this engineering feat, which made the completion of the construction possible in only 4 years. One notable part of the Danyang-Kunshan bridge is its 9km long section that spans over Yangcheng Lake. This particular section required at least 2,000 pillars to support it. This massive structure required 450,000 tons of structural steel, making it a very sturdy structure. The sturdiness of the bridge allows it to withstand massive natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes of magnitudes reaching 8 on the Richter scale. Furthermore, the bridge is also able to withstand the impacts from naval vessels that weigh up to 300,000 tons. Furthermore, since the bridge had to function for a high-speed train, the design speed was an important factor to take into consideration. Depending on the type of train, the maximum speed of the railways varies from 250km/h to 350km/h. However, for the Danyang-Kushan bridge, the railway line of the bridge had to be designed for an operating speed of 350km/h and a maximum speed of 380 km/h due to its busy hours.

1. Definition and meaning of Camber

In the dictionary, Camber is defined as "a raised surface or a member raised upward." In other words, it means ‘to bend higher than the original/target shape’.

With rapid development of new technologies and materials, there has been major changes in how bridges are designed. In the past, engineers did not have the tools or software to provide accurate models or detailed analysis of bridges. However, with today’s advancement in technology, new advanced construction methods, materials, tools, and software are now available for bridge engineers.

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Currently, Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridge, which is generally applied as the most economical bridge type for small and medium-sized bridges in construction works such as highways and national highways, has been introduced to the entire bridge construction field for almost 60 years after the technical proposal.

In this post, we will look at the initial development story and trends of the Prestressed Concrete girder.

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Influence line & surface analysis are moving load analysis techniques for bridges used in many structural analysis programs. In this post, we will try to understand the basic contents of these two interpretation techniques.

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When a static concentrated load is applied on a deck, the deck will deflect transversely as well as longitudinally, similar to the structural behavior of a two-way slab. The load distribution becomes more complex when multiple point loads are applied to the deck, such as truck loads. When the structural model is simplified to a 2D frame model, it is important to obtain the resulting 3D forces from the 2D model.

Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses of loads. It combines the high-strength compressive properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel. These prestressed concrete girder bridges are currently used in bridge construction all over the world. Research on materials and superstructures of bridges has shown that prestressed concrete girder bridges have the longest life span and require less maintenance than other bridges. Furthermore, these bridges are increasingly being used due to their aesthetic versatility, strength, quality, and reduced construction time.

The difference between lane element and cross beam element for vehicular load distribution is in considering the transverse rigidity of the system and the kind of model generated (line, plate, or grillage model)

We have reviewed more than 10 well-written blog posts and 15 video contents that introduce must-have skills for Bridge engineers. So, here we listed up the top 4 most featured skills and 4 more major skills that MIDAS civil experts think every successful Bridge engineer must-have.

1. Project management and leadership skills

As you may know, only licensed civil engineers are allowed to sign final design documents for infrastructure projects. This is because they are the only ones who can confirm whether the design complies with all standards and safety regulations. Therefore, civil engineers are the center of the entire project’s design and implementation. While you develop a career as a junior engineer, you will learn how to lead clients, managers, planners, technicians and provide them with appropriate guidance for a given project.

2. Finding Errors & Omissions

Bridge engineers can prevent a number of errors in projects by evaluating the work of others. According to McGraw Hill Construction’s report, “Managing Uncertainty and Expectations in Building Design and Construction (2014)”, Errors & Omissions are the top concerns for business owners. 80% of surveyed owners responded that additional work and costs are inevitable if there are errors & omissions present in a given project. We think this situation is no different in Bridge design and construction.

It requires years of experience in various projects to find errors and suggest cost-effective solutions to partakers. Having hands-on experience on the newest and most advanced software tools (CAD or CAE) can help you save time and minimize errors by providing features in various processes such as design checks and load rating.

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This 1-hour course will cover the moving load analysis and assessment design of a PSC girder bridge. Attendees will get many valuable tips on the common assessment design process of PSC bridges as per CS454.

In midas Civil 2020 v2.1, PSC bridge assessment as per CS454 has been newly implemented. During the online session, moving load analysis with All Model 2 and special vehicles will be demonstrated. Using the analysis results, assessment load effects and assessment resistances will be obtained, and they will be verified using adequacy factor and reserve factor. Ultimate limit state (flexure, shear, and torsion) and service limit state verification are provided in the tabular format and MS excel report.

 The Andy Warhol Bridge is an eyebar-chain, self-anchored suspension bridge carrying Seventh Street over the Allegheny River in the city of Pittsburgh, PA. This bridge is one of the "Three Sisters" bridges constructed from 1924 to 1928 which comprise the only trio of identical, side-by-side bridges in the world and the first self-anchored bridges constructed in the United States.

With the advent of the IT era in the 21st century, information that was previously unavailable in the engineering market has become possible. Engineering simulation using a computer program is one of them, and it is currently used in most engineering industries.