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Prestress does not remain constant with time. Prestress loss is nothing but the reduction of initial applied prestress loss to an effective value. Loss of prestressing affects the strength of members and also significantly affects the member’s serviceability. Prestress loss is classified into two types:

Bridges are one of the most important engineering structures in the world. Why? Because they connect people and societies all around the world! Bridge engineering companies in the world try to make incredible bridges. However, like any other structure, safety must be the top priority when building these bridges because people’s lives are at stake if something happens to the bridges. Skills for bridge engineers are also needed. The following content will talk about some of the worst bridge collapses in history and the engineering issues around them.

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The Morandi Bridge:

An inspiration to a generation of engineers and a very costly learning opportunity

The centrifugal force (Horizontal Moving Load) has two components, the radial force and the overturning force. The radial component of the centrifugal force is assumed to be transmitted from the deck through the end cross frames or diaphragms and to the bearings and to the substructure. The overturning component of centrifugal force occurs because the radial force is applied at a distance above the top of the deck. The overturning component causes the exterior wheel line to apply more than half the weight of the truck and the interior wheel line to apply less than half the weight of the truck by the same amount. Thus, the outside of the bridge is more heavily loaded with live load. The overturning force is computed by taking the sum of the moments about the inside wheel and setting the sum equal to zero. The result is that the outermost girder will receive slightly higher load and the innermost girder will receive slightly lower load. Thus, it is also necessary to compute the condition with no centrifugal force, i.e., a stationary vehicle, and select the worst case.

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This case study covers the following aspects:

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Top 5 Most Incredible Bridges in the World

Table of Contents

1.The Danyang-Kunshan bridge, China | CRBC

2. The Millau Viaduct, France | Eiffage

3. The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge, Japan | Satoshi Kashima

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1.The Danyang-Kunshan bridge, China | CRBC

The Danyang-Kunshan bridge in China is considered the world’s longest bridge with a length of 164.8 kilometers. The bridge connects two very large cities in China, Shanghai and Nanging. The Danyang-Kushan bridge also connects Danyang and Kunshan in the section of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway that connects the Beijing West Station and Shanghai Hongqiao Station. During its construction, it took almost 10,000 construction workers to complete this engineering feat, which made the completion of the construction possible in only 4 years. One notable part of the Danyang-Kunshan bridge is its 9km long section that spans over Yangcheng Lake. This particular section required at least 2,000 pillars to support it. This massive structure required 450,000 tons of structural steel, making it a very sturdy structure. The sturdiness of the bridge allows it to withstand massive natural disasters such as typhoons and earthquakes of magnitudes reaching 8 on the Richter scale. Furthermore, the bridge is also able to withstand the impacts from naval vessels that weigh up to 300,000 tons. Furthermore, since the bridge had to function for a high-speed train, the design speed was an important factor to take into consideration. Depending on the type of train, the maximum speed of the railways varies from 250km/h to 350km/h. However, for the Danyang-Kushan bridge, the railway line of the bridge had to be designed for an operating speed of 350km/h and a maximum speed of 380 km/h due to its busy hours.

1. Definition and meaning of Camber

In the dictionary, Camber is defined as "a raised surface or a member raised upward." In other words, it means ‘to bend higher than the original/target shape’.

With rapid development of new technologies and materials, there has been major changes in how bridges are designed. In the past, engineers did not have the tools or software to provide accurate models or detailed analysis of bridges. However, with today’s advancement in technology, new advanced construction methods, materials, tools, and software are now available for bridge engineers.

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Currently, Prestressed Concrete Beam Bridge, which is generally applied as the most economical bridge type for small and medium-sized bridges in construction works such as highways and national highways, has been introduced to the entire bridge construction field for almost 60 years after the technical proposal.

In this post, we will look at the initial development story and trends of the Prestressed Concrete girder.

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Influence line & surface analysis are moving load analysis techniques for bridges used in many structural analysis programs. In this post, we will try to understand the basic contents of these two interpretation techniques.

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When a static concentrated load is applied on a deck, the deck will deflect transversely as well as longitudinally, similar to the structural behavior of a two-way slab. The load distribution becomes more complex when multiple point loads are applied to the deck, such as truck loads. When the structural model is simplified to a 2D frame model, it is important to obtain the resulting 3D forces from the 2D model.

Prestressed concrete is a structural material that allows for predetermined engineering stresses to be placed in members to counteract the stresses of loads. It combines the high-strength compressive properties of concrete with the high tensile strength of steel. These prestressed concrete girder bridges are currently used in bridge construction all over the world. Research on materials and superstructures of bridges has shown that prestressed concrete girder bridges have the longest life span and require less maintenance than other bridges. Furthermore, these bridges are increasingly being used due to their aesthetic versatility, strength, quality, and reduced construction time.