[Free Tools] Europe Wind Zone Map: Find Basic Wind Velocity by Country (EN 1991-1-4)

midasBridge TeamJanuary 6, 2025

Understanding Eurocode 1:

Actions on Structures and the Role of Basic Wind Velocity Data

 

🌬️ "Why Was Finding Wind Data Always Such a Hassle?"

 

Whenever I applied wind loads during structural design, I’d find myself hauling out a hefty tome standard manual that could double as a doorstop and squinting at tiny, barely readable maps, trying to pinpoint my project location. For familiar regions, this was manageable, but for less familiar places, it often turned into a frustrating guessing game, especially when manuals offered nothing but pages of cryptic tables instead of clear maps. I’d waste valuable time double-checking, second-guessing, and wondering if I had the right data. That’s why we created the Basic Wind Velocity Map—a digital tool designed to make retrieving wind speed values quick, intuitive, and frustration-free. No more flipping through outdated manuals or wrestling with static maps; this tool ensures you can instantly access accurate wind data, focus on what matters most, and design confidently. 🚀

 


⚙️Introduction to Our New Tool

 

With the Basic Wind Velocity Map, finding essential wind data has never been easier. Click on your desired location to instantly retrieve the Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity (vb,0) needed for wind load calculations. Alternatively, you can enter your project address directly into the tool for precise, location-specific results.

 

Pair this data with our Design Guide, and you'll effortlessly calculate wind pressures and forces tailored to your structural design needs. This streamlined process guarantees efficiency and accuracy, allowing you to focus on designing safer and more reliable structures.

 


The Basic Wind Velocity Map: A Smarter Solution

 

The Basic Wind Velocity Map redefines how engineers access wind speed data. Built with an intuitive interface and the seamless functionality of modern mapping tools, it eliminates the need for tedious manual analysis of static maps or dense tables.

 

🔑 Key Features

 

  • Effortless Navigation: Instantly retrieve any location's wind velocity data (vb,0).

  • Improved Accuracy: Access precise data that is critical for reliable wind load calculations.

  • Time-Saving Efficiency: Skip manual interpretation and focus on designing safer structures.

 

🔢 How It Works

 

1. Find the Tool: Find the tool for “Wind Velocity Maps” (Link)


2. Input Your Project Location: Type in your project's address or click directly on the map.


3. View Velocity Data: Instantly retrieve your location's wind velocity(vb,0).


By using the Basic Wind Velocity Map, engineers can eliminate inefficiencies, streamline their workflows, and focus on delivering safe, innovative designs without unnecessary delays.

 


🗺️ How to Use the Basic Wind Velocity Map

 

 

1. Select Standards:

  • Choose from supported countries and their respective standards:

Country

 

Standards

 

Belgium

bel-en-1991-1-4

Cyprus

cyp-en-1991-1-4

Denmark

dnk-en-1991-1-4

France

fra-en-1991-1-4

Germany

deu-en-1991-1-4

Italy

ita-en-1991-1-4

Poland

pol-en-1991-1-4

Moldova

mda-en-1991-1-4

Romania

rou-en-1991-1-4

Spain

esp-en-1991-1-4

United Kingdom

gbr-en-1991-1-4

 

2. Get Results:

  • Enter your location or click on the map to retrieve data.3: Check the fundamental basic wind velocity values.

 

3. Check the Values:

  • Review the fundamental wind velocity values (vb,0).

 

Basic Wind Velocity Map CTA

 


⏩ Applications of Fundamental Basic Wind Speed Data

 

The fundamental basic wind speed values (vb,0) can be applied to various design calculations. Here are a couple of examples:

 

  1. Peak Velocity Pressure Calculation at Height (🔗Link)
    Engineers can calculate peak velocity pressure at specific heights using the tool's wind velocity data (vb,0). This data is essential for determining wind pressure and enabling accurate assessments of external forces on structures.

  2. Wind Force Calculation (🔗 Rectangular Piers, 🔗Circular Piers)
    With the wind velocity values, you can calculate wind loads on structures like rectangular or circular bridge piers. This data can be directly applied in simulations and structural designs for enhanced accuracy.

 

By directly applying this data, engineers can achieve more accurate designs, reduce errors, and improve overall structural safety.

 



😜 Conclusion

 

The Basic Wind Velocity Map has revolutionized how European designers access basic wind speed data. Gone are the days of wasting time searching through country-specific maps for relevant information. This tool is fast, intuitive, and provides essential data for wind load calculations.

 

If you want to enhance structural safety and streamline your design process, it’s time to experience the Basic Wind Velocity Map. You can achieve more intelligent and efficient designs with just a few clicks.

Add innovation to your design journey and unlock smarter, more efficient workflows with just a few clicks.

 

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Basic Wind Velocity Map CTA

[Free Tools] Rethinking Seismic Analysis: The Smarter Way with Response Spectrum

midasBridge TeamJanuary 3, 2025

🚀 Why Bother Drawing a Response Spectrum Manually?

 

We usually rely on the response spectrum data generated by our software. However, you'll manually open Excel to create a custom spectrum when a project has specific requirements. The reference peak ground acceleration (PGA) didn't match standard values, or additional factors must be applied for uncommon site conditions or design scenarios.

I've been there, too. Even when the project does not explicitly require it, I often encourage my team to draw a response spectrum manually. For seismic design engineers, understanding the relationship between a structure's natural period and ground acceleration isn't just helpful—it's essential. Whether you're analyzing general structures or ground models using EN1998-1 or designing bridges according to EN1998-2, mastering this concept is the foundation of effectively working with Eurocode 8.

 


😀 Introduction

 

Say goodbye to tedious and repetitive tasks! We created the Response Spectrum Generator to simplify seismic design. This tool complies with 🔗Eurocode 8 and delivers quick, accurate results for both elastic and design conditions. It allows you to visualize horizontal and vertical elastic spectrum data on a single graph, making comparisons and insights much clearer.

However, creating a response spectrum isn’t just about setting the reference PGA—factors like ground type and importance must also be carefully considered. The Response Spectrum Generator simplifies these complexities, delivering precise results quickly and effortlessly.

Why use it? Every project has unique demands. This tool removes the burden of manual calculations, helping you focus on critical design decisions while streamlining your workflow for accurate and efficient results.

   With the Response Spectrum Generator, seismic design has never been this intuitive or efficient. Discover a tool every engineer needs—try it today!

 


❓From Inputs to Insights: Why It Matters

 

The Response Spectrum Generator is a practical tool designed to reduce repetitive tasks, allowing engineers to concentrate on the core aspects of their designs. Engineers no longer have to spend hours manually generating and comparing graphs. This tool improves design efficiency in several key ways:

  • Focus on Design: Shift your efforts from repetitive tasks to innovation and decision-making.

  • Enhance Accuracy: Instantly compare Elastic and Design spectra to identify key differences.

  • Save Time: Generate all necessary spectra with just a few clicks.

 

What Makes "Tools" Different?

 

1. 👀 Everything at a Glance
View Horizontal and Vertical Elastic and Design spectra simultaneously. Say hello to cleaner comparisons and more precise insights.

2. 🛠️ Interactive Features
Easily zoom, pinpoint critical data points, and export graphs as PNG files—ready to drop into your reports.

3. ⚙️ Flexible Input
Define parameters like Ground Type, PGA, Spectrum Direction, and Damping Ratio with an intuitive interface.

4. 📈 Real-Time Results
Get instant spectra generation, no matter the seismicity levels. Faster insights mean smarter, data-driven decisions every time.


 


 

⚙️ Introducing the RS Generator Tool

 

The Response Spectrum Generator transforms seismic data analysis with accuracy, speed, and an intuitive interface, making Response Spectrum generation effortless.

 

🔢 How to use it?

 

1. Input Your Project Parameters

  • Click the "Inputs" button and fill out the form with seismic parameters such as Ground Type, PGA, Importance Factor, and Behavior Factor.

 

2. Set Spectrum Preferences

  • Choose the Spectrum Direction (Horizontal or Vertical) and Spectrum Shape (Elastic or Design).

  • Instantly view all four spectra in a unified graph and table. Compare Elastic and Design Spectra across directions in real-time.

 

3. Export the Results

  • Zoom in for clarity or download the graph as a PNG file for documentation and further analysis.

 

RS Generator CTA

 


🔑 Key Parameters Explained

 

1. Ground Type

  • Classified as A, B, C, D, or E based on the site's stratigraphic profile (refer to EN1998-1 Table 3.1).

2. Spectrum Type

  • Type 1: For high seismicity regions.
  • Type 2: For low seismicity regions with a surface-wave magnitude (Ms) not greater than 5.5.

3. Verify Structural Stability

  • The PGA value is obtained from the Seismic Hazard Map provided in the National Annex.

4. Importance Factor (γ)

  • Reflects the significance of the structure. The recommended value for ordinary buildings is γ = 1.0.

5. Viscous Damping Ratio (ξ)

  • Typically 5% for concrete structures in the elastic range.

6. Behavior Factor (q)

  • Represents the reduction of elastic seismic demand due to energy dissipation in the inelastic range.

7. Lower Bound Factor (β)

  • A horizontal design spectrum parameter with a recommended value of β = 0.2 (see National Annex).

 



🌍 Future Plans: Expanding RS Generator Across Europe

 

Building upon the Recommended Standards of EN1998-1, we plan to develop an enhanced Response Spectrum Generator incorporating National Annex guidelines for each European country. This advanced tool will be seamlessly integrated with🔗Seismic Hazard Maps, enabling comprehensive European seismic assessments.

 

The upcoming RS Generator will provide:

  • Country-Specific Response Spectra based on National Annex requirements.

  • Direct Integration with Seismic Hazard Maps for site-specific PGA values. 

This tool will empower engineers to conduct accurate, reliable, and streamlined seismic assessments, ensuring safety and compliance for European structures by aligning with Eurocode 8 and National Annex guidelines.

 


 

😜 Conclusion

 

The Response Spectrum Generator eliminates the traditional inefficiencies of seismic analysis and empowers engineers to work faster and wiser. This tool enhances precision, efficiency, and overall design workflow by generating and comparing all spectra in real time. For projects requiring compliance with Eurocode 8, the RS Generator is an essential innovation that brings modern technology into seismic design practices.

 

Say goodbye to outdated methods and embrace a streamlined, more intelligent approach to Eurocode 8 compliance.

 

Design faster. Analyze smarter. Build safer.

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

RS Generator CTA

[Free Tools] Why Make Eurocode 1 Harder? Simplify Project Mapping with Better Tools

midasBridge TeamDecember 19, 2024

Understanding Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures and the Role of Temperature Data

🗺️ A Personal Experience: Navigating Isothermal Maps

 

I still vividly remember the first time I had to determine the maximum and minimum air shade temperatures using the UK National Annex. My project site was situated between London and Brighton, and I turned to the isothermal maps for guidance. However, finding the exact location on the map turned out to be a surprisingly daunting task. The maps, embedded in a PDF file, lacked the precision and interactivity we've come to expect in the 21st century.

 

To my disbelief, this antiquated process had remained unchanged for decades. Pinpointing a project's location on a static 2D map was inefficient and error-prone. Like many engineers, I felt frustrated by the lack of modern tools to streamline this essential part of the design process. This frustration ultimately led me to develop a solution: the Maps of Isotherms tool, a more accurate, convenient, and intelligent way to handle temperature data.

 


Introduction

 

Now, we are focusing on our new Tool. For engineers working with Eurocode, every provision and note holds significance. Among the codes, 🔗Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures is essential for load assessment and is fundamental to structural design. This code enhances design efficiency by allowing engineers to apply its parts based on specific project needs selectively.

 

One essential aspect of Eurocode is the 🔗National Annex. Engineers must project the National Annex for localized guidelines depending on the project's location. While the annex provides sufficient information for design purposes, extracting precise details can be time-consuming. A case in point is the Map series. Through this blog, MIDAS will introduce three Map series. The first is "Maps of Isotherms,” the second is "🔗Seismic Hazard Map," and the last is the "Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity Map." We'll talk about the "Maps of Isotherms" in EN 1991-1-5, which addresses thermal actions in this blog. These maps are crucial for evaluating temperature data for structural design but often require meticulous interpretation.

 


Introducing the Maps of Isotherms Tool

 

The Maps of Isotherms tool is a modern solution that simplifies temperature data extraction. Designed to feel as intuitive as everyday map applications, it revolutionizes how engineers interact with isothermal maps.

 

🤔 How It Works

1. Input Your Project Location: Type in your project's address or click directly on the map.
2. View Temperature Data: Instantly retrieve your location's maximum and minimum shade air temperatures.
3. Visualize Isothermal Areas: The tool provides a color-coded visualization of isothermal zones, making it easy to interpret temperature gradient tools.

With this Tool, engineers can bypass the cumbersome task of manually analyzing static maps, saving time and effort.

 

🤔How to use it?

 

1. Search methods: a. Select the map directly, b: Enter the address

2. Select Standards: currently provides Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Ireland, and United Kingdom National Annex.

3. Convert the maximum and minimum temperature contour maps.

4. Check the maximum and minimum values.

 

Maps of Isotherms

 


Applying Temperature Data in Structural Design

 

When do engineers use temperature data? Temperature plays a crucial role in the design of fixed-supported structures, 🔗long-span bridges, high-rise buildings, and more. Here's a brief overview of how temperature data is used in the design process:

 

1. Collect Temperature Data

Gather climate data for the design area, including maximum and minimum temperatures. This information serves as the foundation for thermal load calculations.


2. Calculate Thermal Stress

Calculate the thermal stress acting on the structure using temperature changes and the material's coefficient of thermal expansion. This step ensures that the structure can handle temperature-induced deformations.


3. Verify Structural Stability

Analyze the deformation and stress caused by thermal loads to confirm the structure's stability. This evaluation ensures the design meets safety and performance standards.



Streamlining the Process with Advanced Tools

 

With technological advancements, engineers no longer need to rely on outdated methods for temperature data analysis. Modern tools simplify the data collection process and provide additional capabilities for subsequent steps in the design process.

 

🔜 Upcoming Features

A 🔗Uniform Temperature Load in Structure and 🔗Temperature Gradient Calculation Toolwill soon be available. This Tool will:

  • Covert uniform temperature load from changed temperature.
  • Compute self-equilibrium stress based on section dimensions.
  • Allow engineers to handle thermal loads with greater efficiency and accuracy.

 

By integrating these tools into their workflow, engineers can focus on innovation and design rather than time-consuming manual calculations.

 


Conclusion

 

Eurocode 1991-1-5 provides the essential framework for structural design, and temperature data is a vital part of this process. While traditional methods of working with isothermal maps have been cumbersome, tools like the Maps of Isotherms and the upcoming load calculator transform how engineers approach thermal analysis.

These tools empower engineers to access precise data, streamline calculations, and ensure their designs are both safe and efficient. We can take a significant step forward in modernizing structural engineering practices by embracing these advancements.

 

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Maps of Isotherms

The Role of Eurocode and BS Code in Structural Engineering

midasBridge TeamApril 19, 2024

Eurocode VS BS code

 

Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams

midasBridge TeamFebruary 8, 2024

📢 To check the entire series, click here

 

Nonlinear Temperature Effects on Beams

(1) Basic Concept

   Through Part 1 & 2, we looked at how the temperature gradient load of a bridge is calculated based on the design criteria. Now, let's examine how the calculated load affects the bridge deck.

Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 2. BS Code & Eurocode

midasBridge TeamFebruary 1, 2024

📢 To check the entire series, click here

 

2. BS EN 1991-1-5:2003

 

(1) Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects

   In BS EN, the temperature gradient load for bridges is described in section 6.1.4.2, "Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects (Approach 2)," of BS EN 1991-1-5. The load is specified differently depending on the type of bridge deck, which can be steel, composite, or concrete.

   In addition to these rules, the magnitude of the temperature gradient load also varies depending on the thickness of the pavement and the height of the structure. This information is provided in Appendix B of BS EN.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Annex B

 

   It should be noted that the temperature gradient load provided in BS EN is inherently more complex than that of AASHTO LRFD, and there are several errors and incomplete parts, making it difficult to calculate the load.

   Therefore, let's look at BS 5400-2:2006 together, and determine the correction and load calculation method for it.

   For reference, the latest information on this load can be found in CS 454 - Assessment of highway bridges and Structures provided by DMRB (Design Manual Road Bridge).

 

Type 1: Steel deck

The steel deck provides 4 types of load depending on the girder shape and temperature. The temperature based on thickness is divided into three categories: unsurfaced, 20mm, and 40mm.

Problem

  • In the case of 1b, the temperature according to the surfacing thickness is not provided.

Modification

  • In BS 5400-2, 1b is separated into group 2, and a table showing temperature changes according to surfacing thickness is provided, so it should be applied accordingly.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2a & Annex B Table B.1

 

BS 5400-2 Figure 9 & Annex C Table C.1a & C.1b

 

Type 2: Composite deck

The composite deck has a total of four different temperature gradient load categories which are divided based on Normal/Simplified procedures and temperature effects. Additionally, ten sets of temperature gradient loads are provided taking into account the variation of surfacing thickness according to the height of the slab.

Problem

  • In "Heating", it is expressed as "h2" and is applied across the entire cross-section.

  • In Cooling, the lengths for h1 and h2 are missing.

  • Regarding T2, although the diagram shows 4℃/-8℃ for a 100mm surfacing, no table is provided for other conditions.

  • There is no table provided for slab depth and pavement thickness in the Simplified Procedure.

Modification

  • Heating insets are replaced with those of BS 5400-2.

  • The length is applied in the same way as heating.

  • T2 uses 4℃/-8℃ as a fixed value.

  • It is not used in the case of the simplified procedure.

 


BS EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2b & Annex B Table B.2

 

BS 5400-2 Figure 9 & Annex C Table C.2

 

Type 3: Concrete deck

   Loads are provided in two types according to temperature, but 36 sets of temperature gradient loads are provided according to the section height and pavement thickness, so several linear interpolations are required to apply them.

Problem

  • In Heating, when h is more than 0.8, it is indicated as 13.0℃, but in Annex Table B.3, it is indicated as 13.5℃.

  • In Cooling, the range notation of h3 is incorrect.

  • In cooling, h2/h3 is set to be larger than 0.20m.

  • In B.3 Table, although Cooling T1 is indicated as 4.3 for a slab depth of 1.0m and surfacing thickness of 200mm, it should be interpolated to the intermediate value for the depth of 0.8/1.5.

Modification

  • It is applied in accordance with BS 5400-2, as 13.5°C.

  • Range notation follows BS5400-2.

  • In Cooling, h2/h3 is set to be less than 0.20m.

  • It is revised to 4.8 instead of 4.3.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2c & Annex B Table B.3

 

BS 5400-2 Figure 9 & Annex C Table C.3

 

Temperature load interpolation

   There are no guidelines other than the specified slab height and surface thickness. However, based on experience, linear interpolation within the range is acceptable. linear interpolation is performed within the range and the closest value is taken for the value exceeding or less than this.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Annex B. Table B1 to B3

 

   Conceptually, the temperature load on the top surface of a slab decreases as the thickness of the surface increases.

   In the case of Type 2 & 3, when the thickness is unsurfaced, i.e., zero, the value is calculated to be smaller than when there is thickness. Then, in the case of types 2 & 3, should the unsurfaced and 50mm be interpolated for the surface thickness of less than 50mm? A question may arise.

   This can be seen by referring to BS 5400-2, which specifies that the surfaced thickness includes waterproofing thickness. This means that Types 2 & 3 can be divided into two types of surfaces: one with waterproofing and another without any surfacing.

   Therefore, for sections with a surfacing thickness of 50mm or less, it is necessary to interpolate the value between waterproofing thickness and 50mm, and CS454 provides accurate information on this.

 

BS 5400-2:2006 Annex C

 

CS 454 Appendix D2.3

 

Temperature load combination

   In the load combination of BS EN, the uniform temperature and temperature difference are not separately dealt with, but expressed as one “Thermal action”.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 6.1.5

 

(2) Thermal Gradient Load Calculation - BS EN

   Based on the above, the calculation sheet for determining the temperature gradient load can be prepared as follows:

 

Calculation Example by Deck Type

 

(3) Conclusion

   BS EN 1991-1-5 covers a wide variety of applications for temperature gradient loads based on the shape and variation of temperature. However, it has inherent errors that can be confusing for engineers encountering the standard for the first time. Therefore, it is necessary to compare it with BS 5400-2:2006 to understand it better.

   If possible, It is recommended to apply the latest information contained in DMRB CS454 as much as possible.

 

Imbsen, Roy A., et al. Thermal effects in concrete bridge superstructures. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 1985.Shushkewich, Kenneth W. "Design of segmental bridges for thermal gradient." PCI journal 43.4 (1998): 120-137.AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specification, Ninth Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2020.AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specification, SI Units, Fourth Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2007.BSI, BS EN 1991-1-5, Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures - Part 1-5: General actions - Thermal actions, British Standard Insititution, London, 2003.BSI, BS 5400-2, Steel, concrete and composite bridges - Part 2: Specification for loads, British Standard Insititution, London, 1978.BSI, BS 5400-2, Steel, concrete and composite bridges - Part 2: Specification for loads, British Standard Insititution, London, 2006.England, Highways, CS 454 Assessment of highway bridges and structures, The National Archives, Kew, London, 2022.Emerson, Mary. Temperature differences in bridges: basis of design requirements. No. TRRL Lab Report 765. 1977.

 

 

 

Would you like to use the mentioned Excel Spreadsheet in the content?

Submit the form below right away, and receive the file for calculating temperature gradient loads.

(Note! This spreadsheet requires access to the MIDAS CIVIL API for utilization.
If you have any inquiries regarding the CIVIL API, please feel free to leave a comment.)

Steel Composite Girder Flexural Capacity: AASHTO vs Eurocode

midasBridge TeamNovember 26, 2021

 

Steel Composite Girder Flexural Capacity: AASHTO vs Eurocode

Composite Bridge Design - Sinaia Road Passage

midasBridge TeamJune 24, 2021

Composite Bridge Design - Sinaia Road Passage

 

How To Adjust Stiffness Value in Construction Stage and Seismic Design Analysis

midasBridge TeamMay 27, 2021

Section Stiffness Scale Factor

 


Contents

Strut-and-Tie Model: Part 1 - Basics

midasBridge TeamApril 28, 2021

 

🗂️ Download Now

Please fill out the Download Section below the Comment Section to download the 2D Strut-and-Tie Model for the 4 Piles Cap Calculator.

Bearing Replacement and Associated Superstructure Assessment (Eurocode)

midasBridge TeamMarch 3, 2021

Introduction

 

Design of Warren Truss Steel Footbridge (+PDF)

midasBridge TeamJanuary 19, 2021

Please fill out the Download Section (Click here) below the Comment Section to download the Full Webinar PDF File.

 

 

This case study covers the following aspects:

*Click the content to move to the section

Dynamic Analysis of Footbridges as per Eurocode

midasBridge TeamJune 8, 2020

Please fill out the Download Section (Click here) below the Comment Section to download the Full Webinar PDF File 


 

Steel composite footbridge Morava project is presented in this session. The structure is described with interesting remarks from the assembly. Practical experience on how to design footbridges that are sensitive to the load imposed by pedestrians is shared. After this session, bridge engineers will understand more deeply how to deal effectively with dynamically loaded bridges.