[Free Tools] Development & Splice Length Calculator (ACI318-19)

midasBridge TeamJanuary 22, 2025

Quick Reference for Development and Splice Lengths by Diameter

 

Have you ever calculated development lengths using detailed formulas, entering each variable separately for different rebar diameters? Suppose you've worked on slabs, beams, or columns. In that case, you might recall the inconvenience of manually inputting parameters like rebar spacing and calculating the development length for each diameter individually based on the detailed formulas. This process is repetitive and time-consuming, especially when structural elements require varying rebar spacing.

 

To address this inefficiency, I developed this tool. You can instantly calculate and review the development and splice lengths for all rebar diameters across various structural components  by simply inputting rebar apacing and clear cover thickness for each structural element. This tool streamlines the calculation process, saves time, and ensures you have all the required data at your fingertips without repetitive manual entry.

 

Tools_Development & Splice Length Calculator (ACI318-19)

 


🛠️ Introducing Our New Tool

 

This tool is designed to calculate development and splice lengths based on fundamental variables and allow users to input rebar spacing and clear cover thickness for each structural element type(slab, beam, columns…), providing all results at once.  (🔗Link)

For more detailed calculations, you can utilize 🔗 DESIGN+ to perform further analysis.

 

Key Features

 

  • Comprehensive Results: Instantly view development and splice length calculations for all rebar diameters and structural element types based on detailed formulas.

  • Excel Integration: Easily copy and paste results into Excel for seamless documentation and reporting.
  • Time-Saving Efficiency: Streamline repetitive calculations.

 


How to Use the Rebar Development Lengths Calculator for ACI 318

 

1. Find the Tool: Find the tool for “Rebar Development Lengths Calculator for ACI 318” (🔗 Link)


2. Set Up Basic Data: Configure the design code, material strengths, and other default parameters in the Settings section.

 

3. Input Rebar Spacing: Specify the rebar spacing and clear cover values based on the member type to calculate the cb value accurately.

  • Simple Method : Select modification factor from CASE 1 or CASE 2 options.
  • Detail Method : Click the Spacing Calc. button to input rebar spacing and clear cover values.

 

4. Adjust Parameters: If needed, click the Parameters button to modify coefficient values for your specific requirements.

5. View Results and Descriptions: Instantly access the calculated results along with detailed explanations.

  • Result table
  • Descriptions

By using the 🔗 MIDAS TOOLS, engineers can eliminate inefficiencies, streamline their workflows, and focus on delivering safe, innovative designs without unnecessary delays.

 

 


🙏 Conclusion

 

The Rebar Development Lengths Calculator is a much more convenient and intuitive tool than traditional methods. It allows you to save valuable time and seamlessly integrate the results with Excel, enabling efficient and streamlined design processes.

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Tools_Development & Splice Length Calculator (ACI318-19)

[Free Tools] Create drawings with just a few inputs – It's that simple!

midasBridge TeamJanuary 22, 2025

🎯 Do you still waste time on the drawing work process?

 

Don't you have these problems while drawing the workflow?

🔹”Why did I get so many iterations work?”
Take several hours to create basic drawings and an ineffective work process to generate similar but minuscule different drawings.

🔹”I need to check and change whole drawings because of tiny changes!”
Take more than unexpected time to revise drawings for customers' requests.

🔹”Lack of time lets engineers/drafters compromise the qualities”
Engineers/drafters are under a time crunch rather than raising the delivery quality.

🔗Auto Drafter(Link) is an automatic tool to shift your tedious and repeated drawing process

Select a drawing type and create a DWG file with several inputs. Entry-level users can complete their results as experts. This tool reduced work time by almost 80%.

 

Tools_Create drawings with just a few inputs

 


👋 Introducing

 

Auto Drafter is a special tool for architects and civil engineers to generate drawings automatically.

Main functions of Auto Drafter

  1. Create Drawings with just several inputs

    • Support different sorts of pier, abutments, pavement, etc.

    • Apply your project promptly by downloading as a DWG format

  2. Customized templates

    • Simplify your way to reach the destination by selecting a template that is used on your project

    • Handle the drawing inputs by numbers and apply real-time on the selected drawing

  3. Expand productibility and effective ways to collaborate

    • Increase productivity by revising drawings within less than 5 minutes.

    • Concentrate on engineering work, not repeated work.

 


🔢 How to Use It?

 

1. 🔗 Select Project

 

  • Select a structure type for the project that requires a sample drawing.



2. Change inputs as you want

 

2-1 Compare the previous and current drawings

2-2 Changeable components tab

  • Apply custom inputs to structures, text, and other drawing components.

 

3. Change Styles

 

3-1 DWG Style change Tab

  • Apply custom styles to elements such as dimension lines, text, and lines in the drawing.

3-2 DWG Download button after setting

  • Download the DWG file to your computer as the same as the final status.

 


🙏 Conclusion

 

🔗 Auto Drafter(Link) is not just a tool for saving time.

Make your drawing work more intelligent and help you create more drawings faster. Now, free yourself from repetitive and tedious tasks and focus on more important things. Auto Drafter makes your drawing work simple and perfect.

 

🔗Try it now! Completely change your drawing work process!

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Tools_Create drawings with just a few inputs

[Free Tools] Convenient Horizontal Earth Pressure Coefficient!

midasBridge TeamJanuary 16, 2025

Calculations based on EN 1997-1 with Graph Tracer

 

💡No More Guesswork!

 

How uncomfortable and nervous are you? When do you find values manually using a provided 2-D graph? I feel you. I always doubt myself if I guess or choose the correct value. This doubt made me apply more conservative values, and as a result, I got ineffective and uneconomic design results.

 

I rolled out a Graph Tracer to solve the above issues. The user only needs to input several inputs into this tool and can use the results on their report or calculation sheets. The vague values were calculated elaborately using the spline interpolation method, and the user can find the exact value in a short time.

 

With the Graph Tracer, I could more easily focus on the essential parts of the design because it helped me escape iterations and a confused workflow. The Graph Tracer will be released in a series, which means it will expand to provide various functions. It will simplify the work process and amplify your design professionalism. Try it now!

 

Tools_Earth Pressure Coefficient

 


📈 Introduction Graph Tracer

 

Graph Tracer is starting to convert conventional manual work processes to digitalization. Its main purpose is to support engineers in working effectively and accurately. It began with Eurocodes; however, it will soon add international codes!

 

Main functions and advantages:

 

  • Accuracy: Calculate trusted value by using linear and spline interpolations

  • Effective: Find exact value promptly with several inputs and remove iterations

  • User-friendly: Easy to use with an intuitive interface

Applying Graph Tracer to your project will allow you to experience easy but exact ways to calculate design factors in your work process.

 


🏗️ Series One: Earth Pressure Coefficient: Graph Tracer

 

Introduction

 

The first series of the Graph Tracer: Earth Pressure Coefficient tool focuses on finding the active/passive soil coefficient exactly, which is the essential factor for reviewing the stability of retaining structures(e.g., gravity walls, embedded walls, composite retaining structures, etc.).

 

Importance to Calculate Active/Passive Soil Pressure Coefficient in Stability Review

 

Stability review is an essential part of the structure design and construction design process, especially soil pressure, which is considered the most important external force applied to structures. Active and passive soil pressure changes depending on the characteristics of the soil and wall movement conditions, and finding the exact value is crucial for the stability and economics of the structure.

 

Characteristics of EN 1997-1 Annex C Active/Passive Coefficients Figure

 

Annex C of EN 1997-1 provides a table of earth pressure coefficients for calculating the mobilized passive earth pressure in soils based on the log spiral theory proposed by Kerisel and Absi (1990). Kerisel and Absi assumed a log spiral failure surface to provide a more realistic description of the soil resistance mechanism and to complement the limitations of the conventional Coulomb theory due to the assumption of a straight failure surface.

 

This graph is designed to represent the characteristics of soil and wall traits and provide the earth pressure coefficient under various conditions. Through this graph, engineers can access the coefficient intuitively and get high accuracy simultaneously. Kerisel and Absi's EN 1997-1 Annex C coefficient graph enables the fast and exact calculation of the earth pressure coefficient in the practical design process.

 

The Accuracy of Log Spiral Theory; however, Uncomfortable to Determine Exact Value

 

EN 1997-1 Annex C coefficient graph gives high accuracy values; however, it is limited in finding exact values because it does not provide equations.

 

In particular, the coefficient values ​​are expressed in a logarithmic scale, requiring complex interpretation. For inclined surfaces (β > 0), only limited charts of δ/ϕ′=0, 0.66, and 1 are provided, making it more difficult to estimate intermediate values. This may negatively impact design reliability and efficiency.

 

Simplify Calculate Active/Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient using Graph Tracer

 

Graph Tracer is the fastest and most exact find tool to determine Active(Ka) and Passive(Kp) coefficients based on EN 1997-1 Annex C. The users only need to input β, ϕ', δ values and then find trusted results. Graph Tracer eliminates estimation, ensuring design efficiency and accuracy simultaneously.

 

  • Horizontal Active Earth Pressure Coefficient

    • EN 1997-1, Annex C, figure C.1.1 (β = 0)

    • EN 1997-1, Annex C, figure C.1.2, C.1.3, C.1.4 (δ/ϕ conditionally different values)

  • Horizontal Passive Earth Pressure Coefficient

    • EN 1997-1, Annex C, figure C.2.1 (β = 0)

    • EN 1997-1, Annex C, figure C.2.2, C.2.3, C.2.4 (δ/ϕ conditionally different values)

 

Tools_Earth Pressure Coefficient

 


🤔 How to use it?

 

1. Input your project parameters
Input parameters: Slope angle of the ground behind the wall(β), Angle of shearing resistance(ϕ'), Angle of shearing resistance between ground and wall (δ).

Input parameters


2. Calculate the coefficient and check the graphs
Execute calculate after input parameters by clicking the "Calculate" button.


3. Check results
Result graphs and tables draw immediately including Horizontal Active(Ka)/ Passive(Kp) Earth Pressure Coefficient. Able to find coefficient depending on β condition and δ/ϕ' values.

Check the results

4. Zoom-in graph and export results
The user can find detailed values using the zoom-in function. It is possible to download the file as a PNG file or attach it to the report.

Zoom-in and download result functions
 

Following these straightforward steps, users can quickly and accurately determine the Earth Pressure Coefficient in EN 1997-1 Annex C.

 


🙏 Conclusion

 

Graph Tracer is a design efficiency and accuracy tool. The user can get reliable results with simple parameters. Even in complex non-linear relationships, this tool finds the accurate coefficient using an automated interpolation method.

 

This tool allows engineers to focus on more engineering work, not a repeated and ambiguous process. It is helpful to export calculated results easily and comfortably to apply your project. The Graph Tracer suggests a new paradigm to find the earth pressure coefficient.

 

As a result, engineers can improve design quality and save time. Experience shifts your design work for yourself over the simple calculator.

 

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Tools_Earth Pressure Coefficient

[Free Tools] Europe Wind Zone Map: Find Basic Wind Velocity by Country (EN 1991-1-4)

midasBridge TeamJanuary 9, 2025

Understanding Eurocode 1:

Actions on Structures and the Role of Basic Wind Velocity Data

 

🌬️ "Why Was Finding Wind Data Always Such a Hassle?"

 

Whenever I applied wind loads during structural design, I’d find myself hauling out a hefty tome standard manual that could double as a doorstop and squinting at tiny, barely readable maps, trying to pinpoint my project location. For familiar regions, this was manageable, but for less familiar places, it often turned into a frustrating guessing game, especially when manuals offered nothing but pages of cryptic tables instead of clear maps. I’d waste valuable time double-checking, second-guessing, and wondering if I had the right data. That’s why we created the Basic Wind Velocity Map—a digital tool designed to make retrieving wind speed values quick, intuitive, and frustration-free. No more flipping through outdated manuals or wrestling with static maps; this tool ensures you can instantly access accurate wind data, focus on what matters most, and design confidently. 🚀

 


⚙️Introduction to Our New Tool

 

With the Basic Wind Velocity Map, finding essential wind data has never been easier. Click on your desired location to instantly retrieve the Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity (vb,0) needed for wind load calculations. Alternatively, you can enter your project address directly into the tool for precise, location-specific results.

 

Pair this data with our Design Guide, and you'll effortlessly calculate wind pressures and forces tailored to your structural design needs. This streamlined process guarantees efficiency and accuracy, allowing you to focus on designing safer and more reliable structures.

 


The Basic Wind Velocity Map: A Smarter Solution

 

The Basic Wind Velocity Map redefines how engineers access wind speed data. Built with an intuitive interface and the seamless functionality of modern mapping tools, it eliminates the need for tedious manual analysis of static maps or dense tables.

 

🔑 Key Features

 

  • Effortless Navigation: Instantly retrieve any location's wind velocity data (vb,0).

  • Improved Accuracy: Access precise data that is critical for reliable wind load calculations.

  • Time-Saving Efficiency: Skip manual interpretation and focus on designing safer structures.

 

🔢 How It Works

 

1. Find the Tool: Find the tool for “Wind Velocity Maps” (Link)


2. Input Your Project Location: Type in your project's address or click directly on the map.


3. View Velocity Data: Instantly retrieve your location's wind velocity(vb,0).


By using the Basic Wind Velocity Map, engineers can eliminate inefficiencies, streamline their workflows, and focus on delivering safe, innovative designs without unnecessary delays.

 


🗺️ How to Use the Basic Wind Velocity Map

 

 

1. Select Standards:

  • Choose from supported countries and their respective standards:

Country

 

Standards

 

Belgium

bel-en-1991-1-4

Cyprus

cyp-en-1991-1-4

Denmark

dnk-en-1991-1-4

France

fra-en-1991-1-4

Germany

deu-en-1991-1-4

Italy

ita-en-1991-1-4

Poland

pol-en-1991-1-4

Moldova

mda-en-1991-1-4

Romania

rou-en-1991-1-4

Spain

esp-en-1991-1-4

United Kingdom

gbr-en-1991-1-4

 

2. Get Results:

  • Enter your location or click on the map to retrieve data.3: Check the fundamental basic wind velocity values.

 

3. Check the Values:

  • Review the fundamental wind velocity values (vb,0).

 

Basic Wind Velocity Map CTA

 


⏩ Applications of Fundamental Basic Wind Speed Data

 

The fundamental basic wind speed values (vb,0) can be applied to various design calculations. Here are a couple of examples:

 

  1. Peak Velocity Pressure Calculation at Height (🔗Link)
    Engineers can calculate peak velocity pressure at specific heights using the tool's wind velocity data (vb,0). This data is essential for determining wind pressure and enabling accurate assessments of external forces on structures.

  2. Wind Force Calculation (🔗 Rectangular Piers, 🔗Circular Piers)
    With the wind velocity values, you can calculate wind loads on structures like rectangular or circular bridge piers. This data can be directly applied in simulations and structural designs for enhanced accuracy.

 

By directly applying this data, engineers can achieve more accurate designs, reduce errors, and improve overall structural safety.

 



😜 Conclusion

 

The Basic Wind Velocity Map has revolutionized how European designers access basic wind speed data. Gone are the days of wasting time searching through country-specific maps for relevant information. This tool is fast, intuitive, and provides essential data for wind load calculations.

 

If you want to enhance structural safety and streamline your design process, it’s time to experience the Basic Wind Velocity Map. You can achieve more intelligent and efficient designs with just a few clicks.

Add innovation to your design journey and unlock smarter, more efficient workflows with just a few clicks.

 

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Basic Wind Velocity Map CTA

[Free Tools] Rethinking Seismic Analysis: The Smarter Way with Response Spectrum

midasBridge TeamJanuary 9, 2025

🚀 Why Bother Drawing a Response Spectrum Manually?

 

We usually rely on the response spectrum data generated by our software. However, you'll manually open Excel to create a custom spectrum when a project has specific requirements. The reference peak ground acceleration (PGA) didn't match standard values, or additional factors must be applied for uncommon site conditions or design scenarios.

I've been there, too. Even when the project does not explicitly require it, I often encourage my team to draw a response spectrum manually. For seismic design engineers, understanding the relationship between a structure's natural period and ground acceleration isn't just helpful—it's essential. Whether you're analyzing general structures or ground models using EN1998-1 or designing bridges according to EN1998-2, mastering this concept is the foundation of effectively working with Eurocode 8.

 


😀 Introduction

 

Say goodbye to tedious and repetitive tasks! We created the Response Spectrum Generator to simplify seismic design. This tool complies with 🔗Eurocode 8 and delivers quick, accurate results for both elastic and design conditions. It allows you to visualize horizontal and vertical elastic spectrum data on a single graph, making comparisons and insights much clearer.

However, creating a response spectrum isn’t just about setting the reference PGA—factors like ground type and importance must also be carefully considered. The Response Spectrum Generator simplifies these complexities, delivering precise results quickly and effortlessly.

Why use it? Every project has unique demands. This tool removes the burden of manual calculations, helping you focus on critical design decisions while streamlining your workflow for accurate and efficient results.

   With the Response Spectrum Generator, seismic design has never been this intuitive or efficient. Discover a tool every engineer needs—try it today!

 


❓From Inputs to Insights: Why It Matters

 

The Response Spectrum Generator is a practical tool designed to reduce repetitive tasks, allowing engineers to concentrate on the core aspects of their designs. Engineers no longer have to spend hours manually generating and comparing graphs. This tool improves design efficiency in several key ways:

  • Focus on Design: Shift your efforts from repetitive tasks to innovation and decision-making.

  • Enhance Accuracy: Instantly compare Elastic and Design spectra to identify key differences.

  • Save Time: Generate all necessary spectra with just a few clicks.

 

What Makes "Tools" Different?

 

1. 👀 Everything at a Glance
View Horizontal and Vertical Elastic and Design spectra simultaneously. Say hello to cleaner comparisons and more precise insights.

2. 🛠️ Interactive Features
Easily zoom, pinpoint critical data points, and export graphs as PNG files—ready to drop into your reports.

3. ⚙️ Flexible Input
Define parameters like Ground Type, PGA, Spectrum Direction, and Damping Ratio with an intuitive interface.

4. 📈 Real-Time Results
Get instant spectra generation, no matter the seismicity levels. Faster insights mean smarter, data-driven decisions every time.


 


 

⚙️ Introducing the RS Generator Tool

 

The Response Spectrum Generator transforms seismic data analysis with accuracy, speed, and an intuitive interface, making Response Spectrum generation effortless.

 

🔢 How to use it?

 

1. Input Your Project Parameters

  • Click the "Inputs" button and fill out the form with seismic parameters such as Ground Type, PGA, Importance Factor, and Behavior Factor.

 

2. Set Spectrum Preferences

  • Choose the Spectrum Direction (Horizontal or Vertical) and Spectrum Shape (Elastic or Design).

  • Instantly view all four spectra in a unified graph and table. Compare Elastic and Design Spectra across directions in real-time.

 

3. Export the Results

  • Zoom in for clarity or download the graph as a PNG file for documentation and further analysis.

 

RS Generator CTA

 


🔑 Key Parameters Explained

 

1. Ground Type

  • Classified as A, B, C, D, or E based on the site's stratigraphic profile (refer to EN1998-1 Table 3.1).

2. Spectrum Type

  • Type 1: For high seismicity regions.
  • Type 2: For low seismicity regions with a surface-wave magnitude (Ms) not greater than 5.5.

3. Verify Structural Stability

  • The PGA value is obtained from the Seismic Hazard Map provided in the National Annex.

4. Importance Factor (γ)

  • Reflects the significance of the structure. The recommended value for ordinary buildings is γ = 1.0.

5. Viscous Damping Ratio (ξ)

  • Typically 5% for concrete structures in the elastic range.

6. Behavior Factor (q)

  • Represents the reduction of elastic seismic demand due to energy dissipation in the inelastic range.

7. Lower Bound Factor (β)

  • A horizontal design spectrum parameter with a recommended value of β = 0.2 (see National Annex).

 



🌍 Future Plans: Expanding RS Generator Across Europe

 

Building upon the Recommended Standards of EN1998-1, we plan to develop an enhanced Response Spectrum Generator incorporating National Annex guidelines for each European country. This advanced tool will be seamlessly integrated with🔗Seismic Hazard Maps, enabling comprehensive European seismic assessments.

 

The upcoming RS Generator will provide:

  • Country-Specific Response Spectra based on National Annex requirements.

  • Direct Integration with Seismic Hazard Maps for site-specific PGA values. 

This tool will empower engineers to conduct accurate, reliable, and streamlined seismic assessments, ensuring safety and compliance for European structures by aligning with Eurocode 8 and National Annex guidelines.

 


 

😜 Conclusion

 

The Response Spectrum Generator eliminates the traditional inefficiencies of seismic analysis and empowers engineers to work faster and wiser. This tool enhances precision, efficiency, and overall design workflow by generating and comparing all spectra in real time. For projects requiring compliance with Eurocode 8, the RS Generator is an essential innovation that brings modern technology into seismic design practices.

 

Say goodbye to outdated methods and embrace a streamlined, more intelligent approach to Eurocode 8 compliance.

 

Design faster. Analyze smarter. Build safer.

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

RS Generator CTA

[Free Tools] Second-generation Eurocodes? Why are they putting us to the test?

midasBridge TeamJanuary 9, 2025

🕖 Surviving in times of change

 

I felt one thing while working as a structural engineer who designs concrete bridges(RC/PSC) according to various countries' design standards: A profound understanding of ACI318(AASHTO) and EN2 is essential to successfully working on bridge projects. Most countries' standards are developed based on those standards. (Of course, it is my personal opinion.) Personally, I believe that my design career was successful because I recognized these facts.

 

 Reviewing the ACI318 and EN once is not enough because design standards change over time. Revision is an indispensable process, and I expect two things before the new edition is released.

 

 First, to be precise, the existing vague parts; the other is simplifying the calculating equations to apply the practical design process. Fundamentally, those are relevant problems. Complexity usually brings unclear parts.

 Unfortunately, the newly updated 2G:Eurocode 2 did not meet these expectations. Standards are more convoluted than before, and this has indeed led to an increase in unclear areas.

 

 Now, the moment has come to prepare for the future.

 


⚙️ Introduction to Our New Tool

 

Now, let's talk about tools.

The primary function of this tool is to easily output stress-strain curve graphs, which are strength characteristics of concrete, and graphs of time-dependent characteristics such as creep and drying shrinkage.

 Notably, by providing the existing EN1992-1-1 and the new 2G:EN1992-1-1 together, the user can compare those results and experience the calculating processes. I believe it would be a handy tool to validate that new standards align with user understanding before implementing them in practice.

 

Tools_2G:EN Concrete


How to use it?

 

🔢 Input values

 

1. Select Graph

  • Concrete Properties (Stress-strain diagrams)
  • Time-Dependent Behavior

2. Select Standard Code

  • 2G:EN 1992-1-1
  • EN 1992-1-1

3. Put values

4. Click the calculation button

 

📈 Review a result

 

1. Select Graph type
  • A. Concrete Properties
    • Non-linear
    • Parabola rectangle
    • Bi-linear (Not include 2G:EN 1992-1-1)
  • B. Time-Dependent Behavior
    • Creep  coefficient
    • Shrinkage strain
    • Elastic modulus
    • Mean compressive strength
    • Mean tensile strength

2. View a result as a table

3. Check additional information

4. Graph tool (save, zoom in and out, move, restore)

 



😜 Conclusion

 

The 2nd Generation Eurocode is continually being released and is targeted to start use in 2028. In line with this, MIDAS provides tools to compare the modifications between the 1st and 2nd generations. This work will only be possible with the support of ongoing research and constant user interest. We ask for your interest and anticipation for the upcoming tools.

 

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Tools_2G:EN Concrete

[PDF Download] Introduce Second-Generation Eurocodes

midasBridge TeamJanuary 9, 2025

Some people have already heard about the second generation of Eurocodes. It’s not too early to figure out what changes are in the second generation and what civil and architecture engineers need to know. This blog does not handle the specifications; however, it would be helpful for those who want to know the overall changes. I will give you a quick summary for busy people.

[Free Tools] Why Make Eurocode 1 Harder? Simplify Project Mapping with Better Tools

midasBridge TeamDecember 19, 2024

Understanding Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures and the Role of Temperature Data

🗺️ A Personal Experience: Navigating Isothermal Maps

 

I still vividly remember the first time I had to determine the maximum and minimum air shade temperatures using the UK National Annex. My project site was situated between London and Brighton, and I turned to the isothermal maps for guidance. However, finding the exact location on the map turned out to be a surprisingly daunting task. The maps, embedded in a PDF file, lacked the precision and interactivity we've come to expect in the 21st century.

 

To my disbelief, this antiquated process had remained unchanged for decades. Pinpointing a project's location on a static 2D map was inefficient and error-prone. Like many engineers, I felt frustrated by the lack of modern tools to streamline this essential part of the design process. This frustration ultimately led me to develop a solution: the Maps of Isotherms tool, a more accurate, convenient, and intelligent way to handle temperature data.

 


Introduction

 

Now, we are focusing on our new Tool. For engineers working with Eurocode, every provision and note holds significance. Among the codes, 🔗Eurocode 1: Actions on Structures is essential for load assessment and is fundamental to structural design. This code enhances design efficiency by allowing engineers to apply its parts based on specific project needs selectively.

 

One essential aspect of Eurocode is the 🔗National Annex. Engineers must project the National Annex for localized guidelines depending on the project's location. While the annex provides sufficient information for design purposes, extracting precise details can be time-consuming. A case in point is the Map series. Through this blog, MIDAS will introduce three Map series. The first is "Maps of Isotherms,” the second is "🔗Seismic Hazard Map," and the last is the "Fundamental Basic Wind Velocity Map." We'll talk about the "Maps of Isotherms" in EN 1991-1-5, which addresses thermal actions in this blog. These maps are crucial for evaluating temperature data for structural design but often require meticulous interpretation.

 


Introducing the Maps of Isotherms Tool

 

The Maps of Isotherms tool is a modern solution that simplifies temperature data extraction. Designed to feel as intuitive as everyday map applications, it revolutionizes how engineers interact with isothermal maps.

 

🤔 How It Works

1. Input Your Project Location: Type in your project's address or click directly on the map.
2. View Temperature Data: Instantly retrieve your location's maximum and minimum shade air temperatures.
3. Visualize Isothermal Areas: The tool provides a color-coded visualization of isothermal zones, making it easy to interpret temperature gradient tools.

With this Tool, engineers can bypass the cumbersome task of manually analyzing static maps, saving time and effort.

 

🤔How to use it?

 

1. Search methods: a. Select the map directly, b: Enter the address

2. Select Standards: currently provides Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Greece, Ireland, and United Kingdom National Annex.

3. Convert the maximum and minimum temperature contour maps.

4. Check the maximum and minimum values.

 

Maps of Isotherms

 


Applying Temperature Data in Structural Design

 

When do engineers use temperature data? Temperature plays a crucial role in the design of fixed-supported structures, 🔗long-span bridges, high-rise buildings, and more. Here's a brief overview of how temperature data is used in the design process:

 

1. Collect Temperature Data

Gather climate data for the design area, including maximum and minimum temperatures. This information serves as the foundation for thermal load calculations.


2. Calculate Thermal Stress

Calculate the thermal stress acting on the structure using temperature changes and the material's coefficient of thermal expansion. This step ensures that the structure can handle temperature-induced deformations.


3. Verify Structural Stability

Analyze the deformation and stress caused by thermal loads to confirm the structure's stability. This evaluation ensures the design meets safety and performance standards.



Streamlining the Process with Advanced Tools

 

With technological advancements, engineers no longer need to rely on outdated methods for temperature data analysis. Modern tools simplify the data collection process and provide additional capabilities for subsequent steps in the design process.

 

🔜 Upcoming Features

A 🔗Uniform Temperature Load in Structure and 🔗Temperature Gradient Calculation Toolwill soon be available. This Tool will:

  • Covert uniform temperature load from changed temperature.
  • Compute self-equilibrium stress based on section dimensions.
  • Allow engineers to handle thermal loads with greater efficiency and accuracy.

 

By integrating these tools into their workflow, engineers can focus on innovation and design rather than time-consuming manual calculations.

 


Conclusion

 

Eurocode 1991-1-5 provides the essential framework for structural design, and temperature data is a vital part of this process. While traditional methods of working with isothermal maps have been cumbersome, tools like the Maps of Isotherms and the upcoming load calculator transform how engineers approach thermal analysis.

These tools empower engineers to access precise data, streamline calculations, and ensure their designs are both safe and efficient. We can take a significant step forward in modernizing structural engineering practices by embracing these advancements.

 

 

 

Are you curious about this tool?

Click the link below to access MIDAS Tools for free.

Maps of Isotherms

The Role of Eurocode and BS Code in Structural Engineering

midasBridge TeamApril 19, 2024

Eurocode VS BS code

 

Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 3. Effects on Beams

midasBridge TeamFebruary 8, 2024

📢 To check the entire series, click here

 

Nonlinear Temperature Effects on Beams

(1) Basic Concept

   Through Part 1 & 2, we looked at how the temperature gradient load of a bridge is calculated based on the design criteria. Now, let's examine how the calculated load affects the bridge deck.

Non-linear Temperature Gradient Part 2. BS Code & Eurocode

midasBridge TeamFebruary 1, 2024

📢 To check the entire series, click here

 

2. BS EN 1991-1-5:2003

 

(1) Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects

   In BS EN, the temperature gradient load for bridges is described in section 6.1.4.2, "Vertical temperature components with non-linear effects (Approach 2)," of BS EN 1991-1-5. The load is specified differently depending on the type of bridge deck, which can be steel, composite, or concrete.

   In addition to these rules, the magnitude of the temperature gradient load also varies depending on the thickness of the pavement and the height of the structure. This information is provided in Appendix B of BS EN.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Annex B

 

   It should be noted that the temperature gradient load provided in BS EN is inherently more complex than that of AASHTO LRFD, and there are several errors and incomplete parts, making it difficult to calculate the load.

   Therefore, let's look at BS 5400-2:2006 together, and determine the correction and load calculation method for it.

   For reference, the latest information on this load can be found in CS 454 - Assessment of highway bridges and Structures provided by DMRB (Design Manual Road Bridge).

 

Type 1: Steel deck

The steel deck provides 4 types of load depending on the girder shape and temperature. The temperature based on thickness is divided into three categories: unsurfaced, 20mm, and 40mm.

Problem

  • In the case of 1b, the temperature according to the surfacing thickness is not provided.

Modification

  • In BS 5400-2, 1b is separated into group 2, and a table showing temperature changes according to surfacing thickness is provided, so it should be applied accordingly.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2a & Annex B Table B.1

 

BS 5400-2 Figure 9 & Annex C Table C.1a & C.1b

 

Type 2: Composite deck

The composite deck has a total of four different temperature gradient load categories which are divided based on Normal/Simplified procedures and temperature effects. Additionally, ten sets of temperature gradient loads are provided taking into account the variation of surfacing thickness according to the height of the slab.

Problem

  • In "Heating", it is expressed as "h2" and is applied across the entire cross-section.

  • In Cooling, the lengths for h1 and h2 are missing.

  • Regarding T2, although the diagram shows 4℃/-8℃ for a 100mm surfacing, no table is provided for other conditions.

  • There is no table provided for slab depth and pavement thickness in the Simplified Procedure.

Modification

  • Heating insets are replaced with those of BS 5400-2.

  • The length is applied in the same way as heating.

  • T2 uses 4℃/-8℃ as a fixed value.

  • It is not used in the case of the simplified procedure.

 


BS EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2b & Annex B Table B.2

 

BS 5400-2 Figure 9 & Annex C Table C.2

 

Type 3: Concrete deck

   Loads are provided in two types according to temperature, but 36 sets of temperature gradient loads are provided according to the section height and pavement thickness, so several linear interpolations are required to apply them.

Problem

  • In Heating, when h is more than 0.8, it is indicated as 13.0℃, but in Annex Table B.3, it is indicated as 13.5℃.

  • In Cooling, the range notation of h3 is incorrect.

  • In cooling, h2/h3 is set to be larger than 0.20m.

  • In B.3 Table, although Cooling T1 is indicated as 4.3 for a slab depth of 1.0m and surfacing thickness of 200mm, it should be interpolated to the intermediate value for the depth of 0.8/1.5.

Modification

  • It is applied in accordance with BS 5400-2, as 13.5°C.

  • Range notation follows BS5400-2.

  • In Cooling, h2/h3 is set to be less than 0.20m.

  • It is revised to 4.8 instead of 4.3.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Figure 6.2c & Annex B Table B.3

 

BS 5400-2 Figure 9 & Annex C Table C.3

 

Temperature load interpolation

   There are no guidelines other than the specified slab height and surface thickness. However, based on experience, linear interpolation within the range is acceptable. linear interpolation is performed within the range and the closest value is taken for the value exceeding or less than this.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 Annex B. Table B1 to B3

 

   Conceptually, the temperature load on the top surface of a slab decreases as the thickness of the surface increases.

   In the case of Type 2 & 3, when the thickness is unsurfaced, i.e., zero, the value is calculated to be smaller than when there is thickness. Then, in the case of types 2 & 3, should the unsurfaced and 50mm be interpolated for the surface thickness of less than 50mm? A question may arise.

   This can be seen by referring to BS 5400-2, which specifies that the surfaced thickness includes waterproofing thickness. This means that Types 2 & 3 can be divided into two types of surfaces: one with waterproofing and another without any surfacing.

   Therefore, for sections with a surfacing thickness of 50mm or less, it is necessary to interpolate the value between waterproofing thickness and 50mm, and CS454 provides accurate information on this.

 

BS 5400-2:2006 Annex C

 

CS 454 Appendix D2.3

 

Temperature load combination

   In the load combination of BS EN, the uniform temperature and temperature difference are not separately dealt with, but expressed as one “Thermal action”.

 

BS EN 1991-1-5 6.1.5

 

(2) Thermal Gradient Load Calculation - BS EN

   Based on the above, the calculation sheet for determining the temperature gradient load can be prepared as follows:

 

Calculation Example by Deck Type

 

(3) Conclusion

   BS EN 1991-1-5 covers a wide variety of applications for temperature gradient loads based on the shape and variation of temperature. However, it has inherent errors that can be confusing for engineers encountering the standard for the first time. Therefore, it is necessary to compare it with BS 5400-2:2006 to understand it better.

   If possible, It is recommended to apply the latest information contained in DMRB CS454 as much as possible.

 

Imbsen, Roy A., et al. Thermal effects in concrete bridge superstructures. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 1985.Shushkewich, Kenneth W. "Design of segmental bridges for thermal gradient." PCI journal 43.4 (1998): 120-137.AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specification, Ninth Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2020.AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specification, SI Units, Fourth Edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C., 2007.BSI, BS EN 1991-1-5, Eurocode 1 : Actions on structures - Part 1-5: General actions - Thermal actions, British Standard Insititution, London, 2003.BSI, BS 5400-2, Steel, concrete and composite bridges - Part 2: Specification for loads, British Standard Insititution, London, 1978.BSI, BS 5400-2, Steel, concrete and composite bridges - Part 2: Specification for loads, British Standard Insititution, London, 2006.England, Highways, CS 454 Assessment of highway bridges and structures, The National Archives, Kew, London, 2022.Emerson, Mary. Temperature differences in bridges: basis of design requirements. No. TRRL Lab Report 765. 1977.

 

 

 

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Steel composite footbridge Morava project is presented in this session. The structure is described with interesting remarks from the assembly. Practical experience on how to design footbridges that are sensitive to the load imposed by pedestrians is shared. After this session, bridge engineers will understand more deeply how to deal effectively with dynamically loaded bridges.